GEO DATA

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Analysis of Slow-moving Landslide-Prone Areas in Gangwon State Using C-band and L-band InSAR: Ho-Yeong You, Taeseok Lim, Boram Lee, Yoon-Kyung Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee, Hyuck-Jin Park, Sang-Wan Kim; Received March 31, 2026 Accepted April 9, 2026 Published online April 13, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2026.0011 [Epub ahead of print]

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Abstract PDF: This study constructed slope displacement data for the Gangwon State by applying persistent scatterer (PS) and distributed scatterer (DS) synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) time-series analysis to Sentinel-1 C-band and ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 L-band data, and evaluated the applicability of each sensor for slow-moving landslide detection in mountainous terrain dominated by dense forest cover. Following co-registration and topographic phase removal, sequential phase linking was applied to optimize interferometric phases, and line-of-sight (LOS) displacement velocity maps were generated through time-series analysis integrating both PS and DS pixels. The results revealed that Sentinel-1 observations were largely confined to exposed surfaces such as urban areas and road cuts, whereas ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 provided spatially continuous coverage extending into forested slopes. On slopes steeper than 10°, the valid pixel ratios for ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 reached 78.0%, 68.0%, and 57.0% for the 10-20°, 20-30°, and ≥30° slope ranges, respectively, compared to only 11.4%, 5.6%, and 4.7% for Sentinel-1. In the land-cover-based comparison, Sentinel-1 achieved moderate valid pixel ratios for cropland (49.3%) and grassland (37.0%) through phase optimization, but only 6.5% for forested areas, whereas ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 maintained 66.0% even in forests. In the aspect-wise comparison, ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 sustained observation densities exceeding 30% across all slope orientations, including both satellite-facing and satellite-away slopes. Furthermore, time-series analysis of two slow-moving landslide-prone sites identified from the ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 velocity map revealed mean LOS velocities of -28.2, +12.9, -39.7 mm/yr for three slope sectors, all exhibiting linear displacement trends over approximately 5 years. These results demonstrate that L-band InSAR displacement data can serve as a fundamental dataset for regional-scale early detection and long-term monitoring of slow-moving landslides in the mountainous terrain of Gangwon.

Extending Semantic Interpretation and Visual Understanding of SAR Data via Generative Translation Models: Min Kim, Kyungil Lee, Seonyoung Park; GEO DATA. 2026;8(1):44-54. Published online March 31, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2026.0004

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Abstract PDF: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offers critical all-weather observation capabilities, yet its interpretation remains challenging due to inherent speckle noise and non-intuitive scattering characteristics. Consequently, directly applying vision-language models (VLMs) trained on natural images to the SAR domain is limited by significant modality gaps and the scarcity of high-quality SAR-text datasets. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a two-stage framework that leverages SAR-to-optical translation to bridge the domain gap. First, we introduce a conditional Brownian Bridge Diffusion Model integrated with a SAR feature guidance module. This approach transforms SAR images into optical-like representations while preserving structural fidelity, thereby addressing the geometric distortions and hallucinations common in generative adversarial network (GAN)-based methods. Second, the translated images are analyzed by a domain-adapted VLM, utilizing the GeoRSCLIP visual encoder and a LoRA-tuned LLaVA model to generate precise semantic captions. Experimental results using Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 datasets demonstrate that the proposed translation model outperforms existing GAN models in terms of PSNR and SSIM. Furthermore, the framework achieves significant improvements in captioning metrics, including BLEU, ROUGE-L, and BERT-Score, compared to direct SAR interpretation. This study validates that high-fidelity modality translation can effectively extend the reasoning capabilities of pre-trained VLMs to the SAR domain without requiring extensive SAR-specific annotations.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP10 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):671-676. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0089

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Abstract PDF: The Ramsar Convention, adopted in 1971, has expanded global cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands, with recent assessments emphasizing its relevance to climate adaptation, biodiversity conservation, and water security. National Reports submitted by Contracting Parties provide the primary official dataset for evaluating implementation progress across regions. This study analyzes descriptive statistics from the 24 strategies reported to the 10th Conference of the Parties, covering wetland inventory, policy and legal frameworks, Ramsar Site designation and management, international cooperation, financing, monitoring, and capacity building. The results reveal clear regional disparities: Europe and Oceania showed high achievement in several strategies, such as Wetland inventory and assessment (Europe, 80.0±2.0%) and Regional initiatives (Oceania, 90.0±10.0%), while Africa and Latin America recorded lower values in policy and ecological management areas, particularly Ramsar Site ecological character (Africa, 34.2±3.9%; Latin America, 34.0±5.3%). Financial and implementation- support domains -including development assistance for wetland conservation and management, financial contributions to the Convention, and use of National Reports for monitoring implementation- were uniformly low across all regions. These findings highlight structural differences in institutional and financial capacity and provide a foundational dataset for future analytical research and for informing policy development to strengthen balanced implementation of the Ramsar Convention.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP14 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):695-700. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0088

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Abstract PDF: The Ramsar Convention has become a central framework for international cooperation in conserving and sustainably managing wetlands. The national reports of the 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP14) provide the most comprehensive official dataset for assessing strategy-specific and region-specific progress. This study reconstructed and quantified the 17 strategic areas of the COP14 reporting framework to enable a comparative analysis across six continents. Results showed clear variability in achievement levels among strategies and regions. Strategies related to threat identification and response, ecological character maintenance, and regional initiatives exhibited comparatively high levels across multiple continents, whereas strategies requiring integrated resource management, capacity building, or long-term institutional arrangements consistently showed lower performance. Considerable within-region variation was observed in Africa and Latin America, while Asia and Europe demonstrated relatively stable mid-to-high achievement patterns. North America and Oceania showed large fluctuations due to high standard errors and uneven strategy performance. These patterns indicate that the implementation of Ramsar strategies is strongly shaped by differences in administrative capacity, institutional maturity, and the structural difficulty of each strategy. Overall, the findings highlight persistent imbalances in global wetland governance at the time of COP14 and suggest that strengthening capacity, improving integrated management, and enhancing long-term institutional support will be essential for addressing low-performing strategic areas.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP8 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):659-664. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0087

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Abstract PDF: This study provides a comparative assessment of strategy achievement levels based on the National Reports submitted to the 8th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP8) to the Ramsar Convention. Eight Ramsar strategies were analyzed using descriptive statistics to identify continental patterns in achievement rates and to establish a baseline for tracking future changes across subsequent COP cycles. The findings show that the strategy on the wise use of wetlands exhibited the most consistent implementation across all six continents, with achievement rates generally ranging from the mid-40% to mid-50% range. In contrast, strategies related to expanding accession to the Convention and securing an operational foundation demonstrated the greatest regional disparities, particularly between Oceania and Europe. Medium-level strategies, including raising awareness of wetland values, strengthening national wetland management capacity, and conserving Ramsar-listed wetlands, also showed notable regional differences. The strategy on designating new Ramsar Sites revealed relatively high performance in Africa, Asia, and Europe but substantially lower values in Oceania, reflecting differing policy priorities. Overall, the results highlight uneven implementation among continents and underscore the need for region-specific policy support. As COP8 provides a meaningful baseline, future research should incorporate inferential statistical approaches to examine long-term trends and strengthen evidence-based governance of global wetlands.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP9 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):665-670. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0086

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Abstract PDF: This study analyzed the implementation of 20 strategic areas reported by Contracting Parties in the national reports submitted to the 9th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP9) to the Ramsar Convention. Using reconstructed datasets based on the official reporting format, achievement rates were calculated for each strategy and compared across six continents. The results revealed clear variation in performance both between strategic areas and among continents. Governance- and policy-related strategies, such as wetland inventory and assessment, policy and legislation, and designation of Ramsar Sites, showed relatively higher implementation levels in Europe and North America. In contrast, strategies related to restoration, incentives, financing, and financial contributions to the Convention showed lower levels in several regions, particularly Oceania and parts of Africa. These findings highlight structural differences in institutional capacity, policy environments, and resource availability across regions. The results of this study provide a quantitative basis for assessing the status of global wetland management at the time of COP9 and offer useful reference points for understanding long-term trends in Ramsar Convention implementation and setting priorities for future international cooperation.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP12 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):683-688. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0085

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Abstract PDF: This study analyzed the implementation levels of 26 Ramsar Convention strategies reported by Contracting Parties at COP12, focusing on regional differences across Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America, and Oceania. Descriptive statistics revealed clear geographic variation, with Asia and Europe consistently achieving midto high-level performance, while Africa and Latin America showed greater variability, especially in governance- and finance-related strategies. Oceania demonstrated strong performance in restoration, invasive alien species management, and Ramsar Site designation, whereas North America showed wide fluctuations due to limited reporting. Management and restoration strategies were generally well implemented across regions, while institutional, financial, and cooperation-related strategies exhibited persistent gaps. These results highlight structural disparities in policy capacity, financial resources, and institutional readiness among Contracting Parties. The findings provide a quantitative foundation for strengthening targeted support mechanisms, enhancing data quality in national reporting, and improving the global effectiveness of the Ramsar Convention.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP13 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):689-694. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0084

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Abstract PDF: Analysis of the Ramsar COP13 national report data revealed clear differences in the implementation of the 17 Ramsar strategies across continents. Achievement levels were relatively high and consistent for foundational areas such as wetland inventory and assessment, whereas policy- and finance-related strategies showed the largest disparities. North America, Asia, and Latin America generally reported higher performance in strategies related to governance, awareness, conservation actions, and management planning, while Africa and Oceania exhibited lower scores and greater variability, particularly in strategies requiring institutional capacity, inter-agency coordination, or financial commitment. Europe performed strongly in monitoring and shared species and water management but showed comparatively lower levels in financial contribution–related areas. These patterns indicate that regional differences are strongly shaped by institutional stability, long-term policy frameworks, technical capacity, and financial resources. Lower-performing regions appear to face systemic constraints that influence the implementation of complex or resource-intensive strategies. In conclusion, the continental disparities observed in COP13 highlight the need for differentiated support mechanisms, including targeted capacity building, improved information-sharing frameworks, and enhanced financial and technical cooperation. Strengthening these components would improve global consistency in Ramsar implementation and reduce gaps between regions. The findings provide an empirical basis for understanding regional strengths and weaknesses and can guide future priority-setting within the Convention.

A Continental Dataset Analysis on Strategy Implementation from the COP11 Ramsar National Reports: Sung-Ryong Kang, Jihyun Yoon, Man-Seok Shin, Yunju Cho; GEO DATA. 2025;7(4):677-682. Published online December 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2025.0083

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Abstract PDF: The Ramsar Convention, adopted in 1971, has become a central framework for promoting the conservation and wise use of wetlands worldwide. To support evidence-based policy evaluation, Contracting Parties regularly submit National Reports that provide the primary dataset for assessing implementation progress across regions. This study reconstructed and standardized data from the COP11 National Reports to quantify continental differences in the achievement of 26 Ramsar strategies, including wetland inventory, policy and institutional development, ecological character maintenance, restoration, communication, education, participation, and awareness, regional cooperation, and international assistance. Mean and standard error values were derived for each strategy and region, revealing substantial variability in implementation levels. Higher performance was observed in areas such as Ramsar Site information and knowledge sharing, while consistently lower levels were documented for international assistance and management effectiveness. These differences also varied across continents, reflecting disparities in institutional capacity and reporting completeness. The resulting dataset provides a coherent, comparable, and reproducible basis for identifying regional patterns, evaluating strategic progress, and supporting future temporal analyses. By transforming dispersed report entries into a structured quantitative resource, this study offers a valuable foundation for advancing global wetland governance research and strengthening evidence-informed decision-making under the Ramsar Convention.

Data on Time-series Observation of Ground Subsidence in South Korea Using Sentinel-1 SAR Observations: Chanuk Lee, Jeongheon Ju, JangHun Kang, Seowon Kim, HeeJin An, Yuna Hong, Seokyeong Hwang, Sang-Hoon Hong; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):495-504. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0048

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Abstract PDF: Ground subsidence is a phenomenon where surface materials sink due to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. South Korea has experienced human casualties and economic losses due to ground subsidence, such as sinkholes. Moreover, with the recent increase in earthquakes in the country, the importance of collecting and analyzing data for monitoring ground subsidence and surface displacement for disaster prevention is growing. This study monitored ground subsidence that occurred in South Korea from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022, while also observing other surface displacements. The study utilized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite data, which, due to its high penetration capabilities of microwaves, is relatively unaffected by weather and day-night conditions, enabling wide-area observation with high spatial resolution, making it suitable for monitoring surface displacements. A total of 321 C-band Sentinel-1 SAR images, obtained between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022, were analyzed. Based on a perpendicular baseline distance of 200 meters and a time interval of 100 days, small baseline subset network were created. Time-series surface displacement data and velocity maps were produced to analyze the overall displacement patterns in the study areas.

GeoAI Dataset for Urban Water Body Detection Using TerraSAR-X Satellite Radar Imagery: Eu-Ru Lee, Jun-Hyeok Jung, Ki-Chang Kim, Seong-Jae Yu, Hyung-Sup Jung; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):435-450. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0046

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This study presents the generation of a GeoAI dataset for urban water body detection using TerraSAR-X satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. The study area includes urban regions in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, chosen for their complex structures and frequent flooding, which pose challenges for SAR analysis. The data preprocessing involved generating Sigma0 images, image co-registration, median filtering for speckle noise reduction, decibel conversion, and orthorectification using Copernicus DEM for precise geometric correction. Label data were created using the global river widths from Landsat dataset combined with the Otsu thresholding method and fine-tuned with Google Map imagery. Annotation guidelines were meticulously designed to account for SAR-specific phenomena such as layover, corner reflections, and side lobe effects, ensuring consistent and accurate labeling across different orbits and observation conditions. The resulting dataset supports deep learning models in learning geometric characteristics of SAR imagery, enhancing water body detection capabilities. This work provides a foundational resource for future applications in urban water management and climate-resilient disaster response.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sub-Pixel Classification of Water Body from Sentinel-1 SAR Images Using Attention V-net
Jun-Hyeok Jung, Jin-Woo Yu, Hyung-Sup Jung
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing.2025; 41(5): 769. CrossRef

Evaluation of Residual Phase from Orbit Accuracy Using TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X SAR Observation: Yeojin Kim, Sang-Hoon Hong; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):487-494. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0039

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Abstract PDF: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is used to observe precise surface displacement and create digital elevation models by calculating the phase differences between two or more SAR images obtained over the same surface area. The phase of a repeat-pass interferogram can be expressed as the sum of contributions from topography, ground displacement, earth curvature, noise, and the satellite’s orbital phase component. For precise observations, removing unnecessary phase components is essential. Errors owing to the satellite’s orbit accuracy leave residual phases in the interferogram, which become a significant limitation for wide-area ground displacement monitoring using the InSAR technique. This study used four pairs of images acquired by TerraSAR-X in monostatic pursuit mode from October 2014 to February 2015 to analyze the residual phase caused by orbital errors. Since these images were acquired with a 10-second interval between the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X satellites, the phase coherence was maintained over time. The Tarim Basin in China was selected as the study area to minimize the impact of terrain distortion. By introducing a 0.5 m error into the x, y, and z components of the satellite position vectors and creating differential interferograms, it was found that the x component’s orbital error caused the largest residual phase, with linear residual phases observed in the north-south direction. Furthermore, various baselines ranging from -29.71 to 263.21 m were used to quantitatively compare the residual phases caused by orbital errors based on the perpendicular baseline. The residual phase was similar across the four differential interferograms, with approximately 3.49 π for the x component, 0.85 π for the y component, and 1.25 π for the z component. The residual phase resulting from simulated orbital errors was effectively mitigated using a 2D quadratic model.

Original Papers

Detection of Floating Debris in the Lake Using Statistical Properties of Synthetic Aperture Radar Pulses: Donghyeon Yoon, Ha-eun Yu, Moung-Jin Lee; GEO DATA. 2023;5(3):185-194. Published online September 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2023.0032

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This study developed the European Space Agency (ESA) Setinel-1 Ground Range Detected (GRD) time series analysis model for monitoring floating debris in lake areas through Google Earth Engine Application Programming Interface. The study aims to monitor floating debris caused by heavy rainfall efficiently. Regarding water resources and water quality management, floating debris from multipurpose dams requires continuous monitoring from the initial generation stage. In the study, a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) time series analysis model that is easy to identify water bodies was developed due to low accessibility in large areas. Although SAR satellite images could be used to observe inland water environments, debris detection on water surface surfaces has yet to be studied. For the first time, this study detected floating debris patches in a wide range of lakes from GRD imagery acquired by ESA’s Sentinel-1 satellite. It demonstrated the potential to distinguish them from naturally occurring materials such as invasive floating plants. In this study, the case of Daecheong Dam, in which predicted floating debris was detected after heavy rain using Sentinel-1 GRD data, is presented. It could quickly detect various floating debris flowing into dams used as a source of drinking water and serve as a reference for establishing a collection plan.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

Quantitative Detection of Floating Debris in Inland Reservoirs Using Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery: A Case Study of Daecheong Reservoir
Sunmin Lee, Bongseok Jeong, Donghyeon Yoon, Jinhee Lee, Jeongho Lee, Joonghyeok Heo, Moung-Jin Lee
Water.2025; 17(13): 1941. CrossRef

Construction of Time-series Displacement Data of Yongdam Dam Based on PSInSAR Analysis of Satellite C-band SAR Images: Taewook Kim, Hyunjin Shin, Jungkyo Jung, Hyangsun Han, Ki-mook Kang, Euiho Hwang; GEO DATA. 2023;5(3):147-154. Published online September 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2023.0024

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Abstract PDF: The increase in water-related disasters due to climate change has a significant impact on the stability of water resource facilities. The displacement of a water resource facility is one of the important indicators to evaluate the stability of the facility. In this study, the time-series displacement of the Yongdam Dam was constructed by applying the persistent scatter interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PSInSAR) technique to the Sentinel-1 C-band SAR images. A sufficient number of persistent scatterers were derived to enable local deformation monitoring of the Yongdam Dam, and the dam showed very small displacement velocity except during the heavy rainfall in August 2020. In the future, C-band SAR imagery from the water resources satellite (Next Generation Medium Satellite 5) is expected to provide accurate displacement data for water resource facilities.

Article

Kompsat-5 Image Data Provision and Quality Management: Dochul Ynag, Horyung Jeong, Doochun Seo; GEO DATA. 2022;4(4):13-19. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/DJ2022.4.4.002

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Abstract PDF: The Korea Aerospace Research Institute is conducting continuous quality management to provide reliable Kompsat-5 SAR image products to users. In this paper, the Kompsat-5 satellite operation, data processing, quality management, and data provision were described. The operation and image mode characteristics of the Kompsat-5 satellite from the image point of view were described, and the classification and characteristics of image products provided to users were explained. In addition, image data acquisition, quality index measurement, and its results are described for quality management of SAR images. Finally, it explains how to search for and order Kompsat image product through the ARIRANG system to quickly provide users with image products whose quality has been confirmed through quality management. Kompsat product can be searched and ordered from the ARIRANG Satellite Search and Order System (https://ksatdb.kari.re.kr/arirang/).

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